The Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities and Internalization: Lessons from the Western Balkans

Abstract The precise form of internalization the provisions Council Europe’s Framework Convention for Protection National Minorities in domestic law is crucial ensuring its long-term effectiveness. Experiences Western Balkans raise important questions about role minority (or community) rights legislation deeply divided societies. This article uses case-studies Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo Republic North Macedonia to highlight key themes limitations that have emerged. Comparative analysis reveals a surprising divergence approaches region. further demonstrates ‘nation-cum-state paradigm’ remains prevalent, despite premise universality. It argues such can play an symbolic practical role, but legal needs be seen as ongoing process. concludes attention given continued particularization adaptation light both changing circumstances, providing lesson also other